Forgiveness in leader – member exchange relationships: Mediating and moderating mechanisms

Guided by the relationship science literature, we developed and tested a model of forgiveness in leader–member exchange (LMX) relationships across three independent studies. Study 1 utilized a sample of 254 employees from eight organizations located in four countries and showed that higher quality LMX led to higher job satisfaction and subjective well-being via greater follower's forgiveness and subsequent follower's relational efforts. Building on Study 1, Study 2 (N = 95) adopted an experimental scenario design in order to examine the association between LMX and forgiveness as well as the moderating role of forgiveness climate. LMX was found to positively affect forgiveness, and forgiveness climate was found to be a significant moderator. Study 3 was a time-lagged study that utilized a sample of 262 working professionals in the United States and provided support for our hypothesized model. Overall, our three studies cast light on forgiveness processes in LMX relationships and show that forgiveness can be used as a relationship maintenance strategy that yields positive outcomes. Practitioner points: - Managers and HR representatives should promote forgiveness via trainings and interventions in order to gain the positive outcomes of job satisfaction and subjective well-being following interpersonal transgressions in organizations. - Forgiveness climate can act as a contextual moderator that facilitates forgiveness in leader–follower relationships. Therefore, organizations should create environments that encourage forgiveness and relationship repair across all levels of their hierarchy.